چكيده به لاتين
The passage of time makes changes in needs and concepts inevitable; But some human needs, which are mostly related to his psychological and personal characteristics, have stable foundations and may change only in terms of form over time. Among these cases, we can mention the constant human need for connection with nature and open space, which manifests itself in the architecture of the house in open and semi-open spaces.
In the past architecture of Iran, open and semi-open space has been one of the key elements in the alphabet of residential architecture design; But today it is observed that with the vertical expansion of housing, neglect of open and semi-open spaces and construction of settlements as closed space has eliminated some of the qualities demanded by residents. Among the problems of open and semi-open spaces in modern examples, the following can be mentioned: 1) Installation of open and semi-open spaces that are weak in terms of their performance and inability to meet the needs of modern housing. 2) Lack of categorization of areas and aimless organization of spaces next to each other. 3) Limitations of open and semi-open spaces in terms of number and dimensions and the effectiveness of these factors in their functional utility. 4) Improper organization in housing plans and ultimately leading to multiple accesses, reduced privacy and reduced usability by residents in the private zone. 5) Flexibility.
The purpose of this study was to quantitatively study open and semi-open spaces in traditional houses and modern buildings, by examining the effective factors in improving the functional efficiency of housing and using the space syntax method and its criteria. Achieve optimal coexistence, proximity of this area with one or more areas in housing, as well as the placement of modern open and semi-open spaces in apartment models and private open spaces on the floors.
First, through library tools, information about the subject was collected in published books, articles, thesis, research reports, etc. in various fields. According to a systematic review in several stages, 88 sources related to space syntax technique and 50 sources related to open and semi-open space and functional efficiency were found in domestic and foreign researches. Then, in order to organize the information obtained from the content analysis method, the components were coded in each of the sources; And according to the obtained tables, the effective components in the functional efficiency of housing include: 1) The location of the area in the overall structure of the building. 2) The degree of localization or integration of the desired area compared to other spaces. 3) The amount of access to the area. 4) type of area geometry; And also the syntactic criteria of the space in order of priority include: 1) integration. 2) Depth. 3) Connectivity. 4) Control. 5) Integration core. 6) Isovist. 7) Step depth. 8) Choice. 9) Intelligibility. 10)Entropy.
In the next stage, in order to validate the extracted criteria and their relationship, it was necessary to use the Delphi technique and present a questionnaire to experts and specialists in the field of housing architecture and urban planning. At the beginning and before sending it to the experts, the initial questionnaire was approved by a group of experts. In the next step, the theoretical framework of the research was set up using the obtained data. In the quantitative and final stage of the research, after selecting houses samples from Safavi, Qajar, Pahlavi and Modern periods, they were analyzed using Depthmap x software and Space syntax plugin and their quantitative outputs were compared with each other.
According to the obtained results, it can be said that open and semi-open spaces during the periods (Safavid-Qajar-Pahlavi and modern) have decreased the quality of design and spatial organization and therefore their significant impact on increasing the functional efficiency of the house has been reduced. In general, it can be said that the quality of open space performance is reflected in the type and shape of their relationship with closed spaces. The form of a cross and four porch used in closed spaces in the Safavid period, the definition of the entrance space and the addition of a porch in the Qajar period, the fading of the porch and courtyard, the reduction of structural complexities, construction on the floors in the Pahlavi period and finally the modern form of apartment houses. Decreased access to open spaces and their decentralization is observed, leading to a downward trend in space syntax and finally created open spaces have low entropy, low intelligibility, limited integration with adjacent spaces, low connectivity, low step depth and isovist limited, which has led to reduced functional efficiency of housing.
Semi-open spaces, during the Safavi to Qajar periods, first during the changes and evolution formed in the form, multiplicity of accesses, hierarchy of access to semi-open space, changes in the height of spaces, internal connections of rooms with each other and with porch, articulation of spaces and sequence and connection of adjacent spaces, has an upward trend in a number of indicators, but then in the Pahlavi to modern period due to reduced dimensions of semi-open spaces, reduced access, lack of proper organization of this area along with other spaces, construction In the floors and the reduction of the connection between the semi-open spaces and the courtyard directly, all of them have led to the reduction of the syntactic indicators of the space and, as a result, the reduction of the functional efficiency of the housing. Finally, in the present study, a general classification and framework was defined for open and semi-open spaces, and solutions were proposed for designing open and semi-open spaces, despite paying attention to the current limitations in housing design.
