چكيده به لاتين
Considering the major environmental issues in recent years, including air pollution, climate change, and global warming, the importance of saving energy and using fewer fossil fuels has been noticed more than ever, specifically by architects. One of the important areas of interest in this field is residential buildings, in which reducing energy consumption while maintaining environmental comfort is very essential. This, if the initial design steps are followed, with the least cost, energy, and time, will lead to a significant improvement in the energy efficiency of the complex.
Most of the studies conducted in this field have investigated single buildings and their formal characteristics, and the effect of the arrangement and the way of establishing the buildings on the project site on the energy performance has been paid less attention. One of the influencing parameters of layout on energy efficiency is density and its components, which limited studies have investigated in urban complexes. The investigations were carried out without constant consideration of the number of blocks and the surface of the infrastructure, and also, the distance between the blocks as an important parameter was not investigated exclusively and was investigated only in a regular and symmetrical arrangement, in a limited way and a specific climate. In this regard, this research examines the impact of building blocks' compactness in a residential complex, in regular and irregular settlements on the annual heating and cooling loads. Due to the diversity in the density parameters introduced and their inapplicability in this discussion, the need to define a quantitative and calculable parameter is felt in all the arbitrary arrangements examined, which we will deal with in a part of the research. The goal is to find patterns to have more energy-efficient layouts in terms of the distance between the blocks, and at the end, solutions to achieve this goal are presented. Also, as an example of the application of this research, the design of a residential complex is done in Tehran.
To conduct this research, first, a classification of regular and irregular arrangements was done. Then, to produce different scenarios, the model is generated using the Grasshopper plugin in the Rhino environment and coding in the Python programming language. Various layouts are produced by the generative model, and simulated by the evaluation model, made up of Honeybee and Ladybug plugins. Validation of this model has been done with the help of Design Builder software. The heating and cooling loads calculated in this way have been categorized and evaluated by statistical software, Excel, and SPSS.
The results of the research indicate that in regular layouts, changes in the heating, cooling, and primary energy load have a predictable and controllable trend, while in irregular and random layouts, due to the difference in the amount of shading and radiation received by each block, this process does not have a clear pattern. Besides, in regular layouts, as the horizontal distance between the blocks decreases and the vertical distance between them increases, the complex becomes more energy efficient due to the reduction of heat loss and the increase of receiving southern radiation in this climate. Therefore, the arrangement with an equal number of blocks in two directions with vertical stretching can be a good choice of settlement for cooling and heating loads in Tehran. Also, in random and irregular arrangements, the more horizontal the arrangement is, the more energy efficient the settlement is. With the help of the solutions presented in this research and following them in the early design steps, it is possible to reduce costs and consumption loads in residential complexes.
