چكيده به لاتين
Nowadays, the use of renewable energy has been receiving more and more attention from governments due to its high efficiency and less environmental pollution. In the meantime, unlike other renewable energies, geothermal energy is not limited to seasons, time and conditions and can be exploited without interruption. Also, the technologies of this type of energy are among the technologies that have helped to reduce carbon emissions and its use in residential buildings is increasing rapidly. Therefore, it seems necessary to identify the current and future technologies of this field in order to invest in research and development.
Therefore, in the current research, after the research gap and the necessity of the study, four key questions centered on four objectives were raised. In the first step, the position of the field of geothermal energy was studied from the perspective of research and development using the patent and exploitation documents and the life cycle of technology. Then, appropriate research and development investment strategies (taking into account the two concepts of "Technology Continuity" - the survival status of a subject or in other words the continuity of the existence of technological subjects and evolved subjects in different stages of the life cycle - and "Technology Strength" - the number of research activities and The development of related technology in a specific subject or in other words the number of patents in each stage of the life cycle) was investigated in each stage of the technology life cycle. In the third step, the future technologies of the field of geothermal energy and their relationship with each other in terms of investment and development were examined. In the end, in order to validate the results and also to resolve the few ambiguities of the research results, which are derived from the possible approach of the present study, the technologies related to "Heat Pumps", which are considered one of the geothermal energy technologies, were investigated in a special way. After extracting the quantitative results of the research and forming an expert panel with the presence of a group of experts in the field of renewable energy and geothermal energy to validate the results, their compliance with the current situation, identify the challenges and obstacles to development, policy making and required measures (with regard to the existing infrastructure and the results of this research) were discussed for the development of geothermal energy technologies in our beloved country.
In this research, the questions raised were answered by using patent documents in the field of geothermal energy, Latent Dirichlet Allocation method, Association Rule Mining and Social Networks Analysis.
The results of this research showed that the development of technology in the field of geothermal energy is currently in its initial growth stage.
By comparing the quantitative results and the opinions of experts in the field of geothermal energy, it was determined that technologies related to well drilling and well testing (drilling and maintenance of geothermal wells) are considered key technologies and should be among the first priorities of investment.
Moreover, technologies related to heat pumps (ground coils), technologies related to the stabilization of renewable production of geothermal fluid (reservoir engineering) and technologies related to power plants (electricity generation from geothermal fluid) are among the hot technologies in the energy field. They should have a hopeful attitude towards these technologies and consider them as a window of opportunity in the early stages of investment. These technologies may become the most influential technologies in the future. Therefore, more detailed analysis should be done regarding investing in them from the perspective of research and development.
Furthermore, technologies related to the electrical part of geothermal power plants and technologies related to underground exploration (drilling monitoring) are considered empty technologies (having lower priority than other technologies) and investment policies should apply cautiously (with lower priority than hot topics) to these technologies.
In the next step, the extraction of promising technologies and their relationship with each other from the perspective of research and development were done using the Association Rule Mining method and social network analysis indicators.
The results showed that the promising sub-technologies related to the converter, generator and tank are promising sub-technologies in the field of geothermal energy, the development of each of which will lead to the development of another in the future.
In the next step of this research, with the aim of a more detailed analysis of geothermal energy technologies, the state of research and development of inventions and technologies related to "Heat Pumps" was investigated. In this regard, just like the path taken on geothermal energy technologies, heat pump technologies were also investigated with the mentioned methods.
The results of dividing the stages of technology development showed that the development of technology in this field is in its initial growth stage.
Also, after matching the quantitative results and experts' opinions, it was determined that the technologies related to the ground coil, the technologies related to the control system of the heat pump system, the technologies related to the ground coil collector and the technologies related to the refrigerant cycle operating fluid are part of the classification of technologies. It is considered as a window of opportunity in the early stages of investment. In fact, these technologies may become the most influential heat pump technologies in the future.
Moreover, technologies related to ground coil equipment and connections, as well as technologies related to air conditioning, are considered promising technologies, and investment in this category of technologies should be done cautiously, taking into account numerous factors and indicators. More proportional actions should be done on them. Also, the technologies related to the fluid inside the ground coil tube as well as the technologies related to the heat exchanger plates are considered to be empty technologies or have lower priority than other technologies and investment policies should be cautious (with a lower priority than the subjects hot) to be applied to these technologies. Also, by examining the results, it was determined that promising sub-technologies, the development of each of which leads to the development of others, include sub-technologies related to collectors, converters, tanks, compressors, controllers, coils, conditioners, storage and coolant devices.
In the final step of this research, by using the purposeful sampling method and semi-structured interview, from the opinions of a group of expert experts of the Renewable Energy Organization (SATBA) to analyze the results of this research (labeling on the topics as well as the statistics of challenges and policy appropriate to them) were used and finally the policies and actions needed in this regard (according to the existing infrastructure and the results of this research) in the form of 5 functions of shaping the market, entrepreneurship, directing the system, supplying Resources and legitimacy in the field of geothermal corridor and 4 functions of knowledge development, knowledge dissemination, resource provision and system direction were jointly discussed regarding the direct applications of geothermal energy and hydrothermal geothermal power plants.
