چكيده به لاتين
The physical characteristics of a school building have a significant impact on student learning. Daylight is one of the most important elements in architecture. Adequate lighting has a significant effect on the physical and physiological health, comfort, and performance of students. Therefore, a considerable percentage of the visual quality of educational environments depends on the quality of the lighting in their spaces. Nowadays, due to the increase in population and the extensive need for schools, we are witnessing the construction of schools with minimum standards, often without considering the issue of daylighting. Therefore, it is crucial to design schools with adequate and high-quality lighting. The quality of daylight in the building directly correlates with the window, which serves as the main gateway for daylight to enter the building. So it is essential for designers to recognize the various window parameters and the impact of each on the daylight metrics, and consequently optimize the window configuration in the early design stages. The aim of this research is to identify the physical parameters of windows and daylight metrics, measure their interactions, and ultimately provide a general framework for window design in schools in Tehran. In this study, a typical classroom based on standard construction dimensions in Iran was modeled in Rhino-Grasshopper, and a window was placed at the southern facade. Various daylighting metrics and glare were assessed by modifying the physical characteristics of the window and analyzing the impact of each parameter on each metric. Initially, the lighting and glare indicators were determined for the base model, and then, by changing each window parameter, the models were compared with one another and with the base model. In the next stage, the most optimal window types, based on daylighting, glare, and lighting standards, were introduced. The results of the research show that, in general, when the use of daylight control elements is not possible, placing windows on the northern facade is more beneficial due to the very low annual sunlight exposure metric. In both facades, the greatest impact on daylighting comes from the window position, and after that, the number and shape of the windows have a significant effect on the annual sunlight exposure metric and the spatial daylight autonomy, which are the primary metrics based on standards. Ultimately, from a total of 146 classroom types modeled with different window configurations, 43 window types were found to meet the minimum lighting requirements. By aligning these configurations with the standards for school construction in Iran, two final window models with specific dimensions were introduced for classrooms in Tehran, one for the northern and one for the southern facades.
