چكيده به لاتين
The membranes utilized in electromembrane extraction are primarily supported liquid membranes (SLM). However, these membranes have several disadvantages, including solvent leakage into both the donor and acceptor phases, solvent evaporation, reduced capillary forces, complexity, and a time-consuming fabrication process. These factors can negatively impact the overall performance of the extraction process. Polymer-inclusion membranes effectively mitigate the aforementioned drawbacks by encapsulating the carrier within a polymer matrix. This approach presents a viable alternative to supported liquid membranes, enhancing their performance and application potential.
This thesis focuses on developing a polymer-inclusion membrane for the extraction of fluoroquinolone compounds. In the current study, we developed a polymer-inclusion membrane (PIM) composed of 57% cellulose triacetate (CTA) as the base polymer, 5% zinc oxide nanoparticles functionalized with thioglycolic acid (FZnO) as the carrier, and 38% dioctyl phthalate (DOP) as the plasticizer. After characterization, the prepared membrane was utilized for the electromembrane extraction of fluoroquinolone compounds. Ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin were chosen as target analytes, while moxifloxacin served as the internal standard. The extraction process was optimized for four variables: applied voltage, extraction time, donor phase pH, and acceptor phase pH, using a design of experiments approach with a central composite model. The optimal conditions identified were an applied voltage of 151 volts, an extraction time of 9 minutes, a donor phase pH of 3.4, and an acceptor phase pH of 5.6. Under optimal conditions, this method covered the linear range of 0.01 to 100 μg/mL for ciprofloxacin and 0.02 to 80 μg/mL for enrofloxacin. The limit of detection (LOD) for ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin was 0.002 and 0.004 μg/mL, respectively. Also, the limit of quantification (LOQ) for ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin was determined to be 0.006 and 0.012 μg/mL, respectively. The repeatability study showed that the relative standard deviation (RSD) for one membrane in one for ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin was 4.3 and 4.6, respectively. Also, the RSD for different membranes was 5.9 for ciprofloxacin and 1.7 for enrofloxacin. The extraction recovery of ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin was 50% and 56%, respectively. The relative recovery for ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin was reported to be 93% and 90%, respectively. The findings indicate that this method demonstrates a high level of efficacy in identifying fluoroquinolones in wastewater samples from pharmaceutical companies. Furthermore, its capability to provide effective sample cleanup makes it a robust and appropriate technique for the analysis of these compounds.
