چكيده به لاتين
Water is the most important component of the bodies of living organisms on Earth. Oil and aromatic compounds are among the most significant chemical pollutants, which have caused numerous health and environmental hazards in recent years. The most common methods for removing these compounds include the use of booms, chemicals, skimmers, dispersants, and absorbents. Nanotechnology offers multiple options for removing oil and grease pollutants in water and wastewater. The basis for separating oil from water is the super oil affinity and super hydrophobicity of materials, which are either inherently present in nanoadsorbents or achieved through surface coatings. Due to their unique properties compared to bulk states and their higher capacity for better absorption and high reactivity, nanostructures are suitable materials for adsorption. Currently, nano techniques are being developed that utilize zero-valent iron (nZVI), carbon nanotubes, sponges, aerogels, nanocomposites, metal and non-metal nanostructured oxides, nitrides, salts, and zeolites. An ideal adsorbent should possess characteristics such as oil affinity, super hydrophobicity, high surface area, high adsorption capacity, and selective adsorption capability. In recent decades, various polymers such as polypropylene, polyolefin-based polymers, magnetic polymer nanocomposites, and others have been used as oil and petroleum adsorbents. Polyurethane sponges are one type of three-dimensional porous materials that, despite their hydrophilicity, have high adsorption capacity, low density, and good elasticity. Therefore, after modification and becoming hydrophobic, polyurethane sponges are a suitable option for oil removal from water. In this study, the first stage involved synthesizing porous carbon through the pyrolysis of lemon using a self-activation system. In the second stage, the surface of the polyurethane sponge was modified with porous carbon and coated to create hydrophobic properties. Characterization performed in this study included X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). The adsorbents examined in this research showed increasing pollutant adsorption in the order of raw polyurethane sponge, sponge coated with MDI and petroleum ether, polyurethane foam modified by methyl diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI), and carbon nanoparticle agent. The adsorption rate in the sample containing activated carbon was approximately three times that of the standard sample and showed selective adsorption capability. FE-SEM results indicated that the structure of the sponges was not altered, but the surface morphology changed due to coating.
Keywords: oil pollutants, polyurethane sponge, porous carbon, oleophilic and hydrophobic, self-activation.
