Design an‎d fabrication of novel fluorometric sensors to detect markers of renal failure from tears

9/22/2026 12:00:00 AM

Renal failure is one of the most important chronic diseases, an‎d its early detection plays a key role in preventing disease progression an‎d improving the quality of life of patients. Biomarkers such as histamine, urea, an‎d creatinine are important indicators of kidney function, an‎d their accurate an‎d consistent measurement in human body fluids can provide a valuable tool for monitoring the condition of patients. In this study, three solid-state fluorescent sensors based on Y-CQDs, Fe-Cu/B-CQDs, an‎d UiO-66/B-CQDs were designed an‎d synthesized an‎d used for the selec‎tive detection of these biomarkers in human tears. These sensors were also integrated with smart phones for fluorescence detection an‎d analysis, which enables easy an‎d rapid visual detection of biomarkers. The synthesized sensors were characterized an‎d characterized using various physicochemical methods including TEM, XRD, UV-Vis spectroscopy, fluorescence (PL), CIE chromatographic analysis, EDS spectrometry, FTIR spectroscopy, an‎d optical spectra to confirm their structure, morphology, composition, an‎d optical properties. The performance of the sensors under optimal conditions showed that the Y-CQD sensor for histamine detection in the range of 5 to 200 μM, the Fe-Cu/B-CQDs sensor for urea in the range of 5 to 250 μM, an‎d the UiO-66/B-CQDs sensor for creatinine in the range of 5 to 180 μM provided a good linear response. The LOD values ​​of these sensors were 92/ 0, 0.95 an‎d 0.97 micromolar an‎d LOQ values ​​of 2.8, 2.6 an‎d 2.7 micromolar were obtained, respectively, indicating their high sensitivity. In addition, the repeatability an‎d selec‎tivity tests in the presence of biologically interfering species (dopamine, acetone, glucose, lactate, tyrosine, cortisol an‎d epinephrine) indicated the stability an‎d specificity of the designed sensors. It is important to note that the performance of the designed sensors was investigated not only in laboratory solutions but also in real tear samples, an‎d the results obtained determined the accuracy an‎d clinical applicability of these sensors. Comparison of the results of this study with previous studies showed that the designed sensors performed satisfactorily in terms of linearity, sensitivity an‎d method robustness. Overall, the findings of this study demonstrate the high potential of CQDs-based solid-state sensors in developing reliable tools for clinical monitoring an‎d early diagnosis of kidney diseases.

حسگر حالت جام د، نارسايي كليوي، چنارچوب هناي فلنز-آلني، نقناك كوانتنومي كربنني، فلوروسنجي، تلفن هوشمن د.

Solid-state sensor, renal failure, phenanthrene frameworks, carbon quantum dots, fluoroscopy, smart phone.

Zeinab Tmimi

Roholah Zaree dorabe