Investigation of the Effects of Temperature, Time, an‎d Nickel Oxide Content on the Structure an‎d Electrical Conductivity of Copper–Manganese Spinel Prepared by Mechanical Milling, Pressing, an‎d Sintering

10/1/2026 12:00:00 AM

Copper-manganese spinels are widely utilized in various technological applications due to their unique structural an‎d functional properties, particularly in solid oxide fuel cells. This study investigates the effects of temperature, processing time, an‎d nickel oxide content on the formation of copper-manganese spinel, aiming to optimize the synthesis parameters for enhanced phase purity an‎d material performance. The primary objective was to identify the optimal values for temperature, duration, an‎d nickel oxide addition to maximize the yield of the copper-manganese spinel phase synthesized via the solid-state method. In this work, the molar ratio of copper to manganese was fixed according to the target spinel composition (Cu1.3Mn1.7O4), while nickel oxide was introduced into the precursor mixture in molar ratios of 0.1, 0.3, an‎d 0.5. The powders were homogenized through mechanical milling an‎d processed using the solid-state method, followed by heat treatment at three different temperatures (750°C, 850°C, an‎d 950°C) for varying durations (3, 6, an‎d 9 hours). To systematically eva‎luate the influence of these variables, a design of experiments (DOE) approach was employed, an‎d the results were analyzed using response surface methodology (RSM). Phase formation an‎d structural characteristics were assessed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, an‎d scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The analysis revealed that the optimal conditions for achieving the highest spinel phase yield (97.60%) were a nickel oxide molar ratio of 0.2, a temperature of 870°C, an‎d a holding time of 7 hours. Raman spectroscopy confirmed the successful formation of the spinel structure, while SEM images demonstrated that higher temperatures an‎d extended heat treatment times contributed to improved particle uniformity an‎d structural continuity

پيل‌هاي سوختي اكسيد جامد , اسپينل مس- منگنز , روش حالت جامد , تأثير دما و زمان , تأثير دما و زمان، درصد اكسيد نيكل

Solid oxide fuel cells , copper-manganese spinel , solid state method , effect of temperature an‎d time , nickel oxide percentage

Reza Siavoshi

Mansour Soltanieh