The revolution in communication technologies driven by Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite constellations has made Direct-to-Cell (D2C) systems an increasingly compelling area of study, offering infrastructure-independent connectivity. These systems support the expansion of 5G networks by enabling direct communication links between satellites an‎d end-user mobile devices. However, the dynamic network topologies, limited satellite resources, an‎d broad attack surfaces present significant security challenges. This study explores vulnerabilities across satellite links, ground communication infrastructures, an‎d control-plane signaling. It also reviews commonly adopted mitigation strategies, including physical-layer security an‎d lightweight cryptography techniques. Future work will involve simulations aimed at mitigating Denial-of-Service (DoS) attacks within D2C networks. The study highlights the urgent need for scalable an‎d resilient security frameworks tailored to the evolving D2C ecosystem.

6/10/2025 12:00:00 AM

86902

1404/04/13

security of the direct-to-cell LEO satellite communications

ارتباط مستقيم به سلول (D2C)، مدار پايين زمين (LEO)، ارتباطات ماهواره‌اي، يكپارچه‌سازي 5G، چالش‌هاي امنيتي، لينك بين ماهواره‌اي (ISL)، حملات صفحه كنترل، انكار سرويس (DoS)، رمزنگاري سبك، پروتكل‌هاي احراز هويت، تشخيص ناهنجاري، شبكه‌هاي غيرزميني (NTN).

Direct-to-Cell (D2C), Low Earth Orbit (LEO), Satellite Communication, 5G Integration, Security Challenges, Inter-Satellite Link (ISL), Control Plane Attacks, Denial of Service (DoS), Lightweight Cryptography, Authentication Protocols, Anomaly Detection, Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTN).