16200

16200

طرح حفاظت و مرمت مسجد تاريخانه و توانمندسازي بافت پيرامون آن با نگرش به مسائل گردشگري، فرهنگي، اقتصادي و اجتماعي

كارشناسي ارشد

مرمت و احياء بناها و بافت‌هاي تاريخي

ارديبهشت 1395

دكتر اصغر محمد مرادي - دكتر غلامحسين معماريان

معماري و شهرسازي

چكيده مسجد تاريخانه دامغان پس از مسجد فهرج قديمي‌ترين مسجد موجود ايران است كه بر همان شيوه‌ي معماري اوليه خود باقي‌مانده است. مسجد تاريخانه دامغان در معرض آسيب‌هاي فراواني قرارگرفته است. مرمت و حفاظت اين بناي شاخص صدر اسلام بسيار مهم است. بافت تاريخي دامغان نيز به دليل آثار متعدد شاخص و همچنين سابقه آن بسيار مهم است. متأسفانه در مورد مرمت شهري بافت تاريخي دامغان و مسائل مختلف و راهكارهاي مرمتي آن، مطالعات دقيق و منسجمي انجام‌نشده است. در روند اين رساله سعي بر آن بوده كه با استفاده از روش‌هاي تحقيق، پيگيري مطالب شكل گيرد. در ابتدا به جمع‌آوري اطلاعات و داده‌ها پرداخته‌شده است. تحليل و تفسير داده‌ها و اطلاعات با رجوع به منابع متعدد به‌منظور علمي شدن آن‌ها شكل‌گرفته است. در بخش‌هاي طراحي شيوه‌هاي مرمت نيز از اصول مباني نظري مرمت( منشورها، كنوانسيون‌ها و ...) استفاده‌شده است. همچنين براي بازشناسي سبك اصلي مسجد تاريخانه دامغان، ضمن تحليل اطلاعات و رجوع به تحقيقات ساير پژوهشگران نتايج حاصله ارائه شده است. براساس تجزيه و تحليل اطلاعات و بررسي مستندات تاريخي، مدل‌سازي سه‌بعدي مسجد تاريخانه دامغان انجام‌گرفته است. طي مراحل تحقيق ضمن مطالعات تطبيقي و تشبيهي نقدي بر مرمت ايوان مركزي و دستيابي به ويژگي‌هاي اصيل آن و بررسي هاي آسيب شناسي به ويژه در جبهه غربي و بخش جنوبي انجام شده است كه در نهايت راهكارهاي حفاظت جامع تاريخانه و بافت پيرامون آن ارائه گرديده است. واژه هاي كليدي: تاريخانه دامغان، توانمند سازي بافت، طرح مرمت و حفاظت، بازسازي سبكي، مباني نظري

1395/10/06

1/1/1900 12:00:00 AM

Abstract Tarikhaneh Mosque of Damghan is an example of the mosques with columned halls of the first Islamic centuries in Iran, that because of the archaeological excavations in the beginning an​d later following by researchers, the investigation field on these mosques has been provided an​d researchers have been to present their findings. Belonging to 2nd Islamic century is commonly approved. There are several questions concerning how to form this building’s structure an​d architecture. Furthermore, a variety of criticism exists on this building’s restoration due to these questions. In architecture of this mosque, there are such fantastic elegance an​d details, whose study could provide logical knowledge of the structural as well as spatial architecture of this mosque an​d other pioneer mosques in the beginning of Islam. Architecture of the first decades of Islam in Islamic lands had been based on tradition, palaces, houses, schools, ancient inns etc. shows the same design approach followed by former architects, although the mosques in Islam Geography are somehow representing a specific plan. Nevertheless, In Iran, Persian architecture components have been influential in construction based on the plans. In Tarikhaneh mosque of Damghan, comprehensive mosques of Esfahan an​d Yazd, the central corridor towards of the Qibla were wider than the others’ width. Probably, like comprehensive Mosque of Nain, this corridor has been shaped rectangular an​d stretched up to the roof. A small porch performs as one ascending axis in Sassanid manner. Priority of curved roof to flat one is observed in the most mosques an​d represents the major inherit of Sassanid’s. The impact of the Sassanid architecture on its political geography is so dramatic that the mosques an​d the other buildings of the initial centuries of Islam in Iran an​d Iraq illustrate it particularly. Tarikhaneh mosque as well as Palace an​d Mosque of Ukhaidir also confirm this saying. In addition, there are building a mansion an​d other buildings such as the many commonalities between these buildings an​d the Abbasid ones including Dar-al-emareh, Samarra mosque, the mosque of Susa, Siraf, pool etc., which all demonstrated the Sassanid architectural characteristics. Impact of the Sassanid architecture on the Abbasid architecture expresses the similarities in the areasof architecture, structure, details, an​d buildings’ ornaments among this period’s buildings. These similarities are the clue of creation of logic of studies as to better comprehend of the architecture of Tarikhaneh mosque of Damghan. The decorating an​d coating of the mosque of Ukhaidir palace are still intact, which it helps the coverage examination an​d architecture of the early Islamic mosques, because the mosque of Ukhaidir is made of Sassanid style an​d is almost the closest mosque abroad with the mosques in the advent of Islam in Iran. Adoption study of the spaces an​d architecture of the palace an​d mosque of Ukhaidir that has been remained intact over time, Tarikhane mosque of Damghan has caused that all accurate investigation of the structure, architectural an​d special details of Tarikhaneh, coverage of the central carrier, as well as how to form an​d decorate would be conducted by this method. Furthermore, we have tried to provide better understanding of Tarikhane mosque an​d the mosques of advent of Islam through analyzing the spaces, study of architecture details, an​d providing 3d model of Tarikhaneh mosque an​d mosque of Ukhaidir palace. The results indicate that there has not been any dome connected to the central carrier (Avon) in early Islamic mosques. The covering of the central carrier in Tarikhaneh Mosque of Damghan has been designed rocking arch. This arch is longitudinal an​d at the end point has been closed by a semi-dome due to emphasizing on the altar an​d pulpit spaces an​d through angling an​d decorations. In this section, the detailed ornaments have been used massively. Mosque of Ukhaidir palace has a courtyard surrounded by three porches an​d without any columned Hall. In Southern portico, there are such massive ornaments due to the altar an​d at the end of the porch, the arch hangars has resulted in form of semi dome an​d rocking arch. Based on the field studies, an​d historical documents, this architecture style has been also used in the central carrier coverage of Tarikhaneh mosque of Damghan. While modeling of Tarikhaneh, it gets clearer that lack of attention in the reconstruction of the central carrier coverage during restoration of the mosque is critical. In cross of the porches an​d rocked arches, the size of arches of the columned hall, which has been stretched South to north is in a way that does not confront the eastern rocked arches in the porches an​d there is a space between them filled by shrinkage that is of the conventional methods in the Sassanid architecture an​d finally the flat roof. This architecture is seen in the mosque an​d palace of Ukhaidir as well. This examination solves the ambiguity of crossing the regulated arches, an​d formation of them in architectural space of the mosque. In addition, existence of dome, half dome arch, semi-dome, hangers, o​r use of four-arcades is denied in this section. There is many damage in Tarikhane mosque. Conservation an​d restoration for it is necessary. Also historical texture of Damghan include monument of early Islamic until Qajar period. Unfortunately urban restoration projects in Damghan isn't considered. Also studies for it not have been done. In the process of this paper, we performed pathology for Tarikhane Mosque. Pathology carried out the basis of urban restoration an​d building of Tarikhane. Correction of Tarikhane Central Porch an​d channel for moisture disposal is considered. Create a fulcrum in the eastern an​d western sides also taken into consideration. Keywords: Columned mosques, Tarikhane, Conservation an​d restoration, mosque an​d palace of Ukhaidir