چكيده به لاتين
In addition to its roles in urban spaces, color also affects people’s feelings and assessments about the quality of the environment. Lack of color control programs of building exteriors in urban planning policies in Iran and color design of buiding exteriors based on the designer’s taste without attention to user evaluation have caused visual disorder of building exteriors and public dissatisfaction with their visual quality. According to the literature review, the best criterion for the proper environmental design has been to refer to people and to consider their assessment of the environment. Therefor, color design of building exterior based on user evaluation is necessary. In this regard, the main purpose of this study was to improve the color composition’s design of building exterior in residential buildings based on user evaluation. A review of the literature based on a range of theories and studies, including environmental aesthetics studies and Redis (2015) integrated model of visual aesthetic experience, provides a theoretical framework that considers user evaluation patterns as the result of both perceptual and cognitive processes. According to this theoretical framework, color evaluation is not universal and definite and is influenced by individual, cultural differences and underlying factors. Therefore, the main hypothesis of the research is that the color combination of building exterior affects the cognitive assessments of the building exterior’s color. To test this hypothesis, changes in user evaluation were evaluated by making changes in the color combination of building exterior using an experimental design. To make color combination changes based on some emotional scales, documents and resources in color evaluation were examined. In color evaluation studies, unlike the physical dimensions of color, there was no theoretical consensus on the emotional dimensions of color description. So the question was, what are the emotional scales of the description of building exterior’s color and the components that affect their recognition? To answer this question, a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods has been used. After content analyzing and conducting a Delphi survey by 20 experts in design and color, data analyzed by Q method. Three bipolar scales, temperature, harmony and weight were extracted to classify the color combination of building exterior. Thus, eight treatment were obtained to describe and classify the color combination. In the next step, components were determined to identify these three scales describing the color combination of building exterior through a semi-structured interview with five architects and urban planners. Then, to confirm these components, a questionnaire was prepared which was completed by 20 former experts. The components affecting the assessment of three color emotional scales were extracted by analyzing the data through Q method. Quantitative values were obtained to define these scales using color strip method and HSL codes. The color combination independent variable was manipulated in eight buildings based on eight color treatments, So 64 color treatment/building exterior images were obtained for final evaluation. Three dependent variables, congruity, aesthetic response and preference, related to cognitive assessments of environment were considered based on the studies and opinions of five teacher of architecture and urban planning. The color treatment/building exterior images were evaluated by 979 people based ob a 7-point Likert scale. Multivariate analysis of variance was used to analyze data. Findings showed that changes in cognitive assessments were associated with changes in the color combination of building exterior. Each of the color combination scales alone affects cognitive assessment and the effect size was very small, while the effect size of the interaction of three scales was large, about 15% to 17%. This indicates that the study of the color combination of building exterior was appropriate based on three scales. Changes in the color combination of building exterior had a effect of 15.8% on congruity, 15.5% on aesthetic response and 17.2% on preference. According to the results, the most congruous color combination was the cold-harmonious one, and the most beautiful and preferred color combination was the cold-light one. To design a congruous color combination, the difference in luminance between the hues of the combination should be less than 20%. The difference in saturation between them should be less than 15%. In addition, the temperature of all hues in the combination should be the same. To design a beautiful and preferred color combination, building surface should have at least 30% opening and its color combination should have 2 or at most 3 cold hues. While at least 70% of the colored surface has a hue with more than 90% luminance. The color of opening should be cold and has more than 90% luminance.
