چكيده به لاتين
Nowadays, the importance and role of drugs in health care systems is increasing. Medicine is a special commodity that is directly related to people's health and life. Also, due to its necessity and importance, medicine is one of the products in high demand. The pharmaceutical industry is defined as the set of processes, operations, and organizations involved in the discovery, development, and production of drugs. Access to medicine is one of the goals of the health care system and the field of health care is one of the most important areas in any country and the supply chain of this area is of strategic importance. Increasing the amount and diversity of waste and the health hazards caused by them, are considered as one of the important problems of human societies today. Among the polluting wastes in the world are pharmaceutical wastes. Pharmaceutical waste includes expired products and unused medicines. Remaining drugs in households can cause unwanted poisoning, especially in children and adults, and may also lead to drug abuse and other risks of self-medication. Today, due to the importance of having a clean environment for human life and the dangerous and toxic nature of pharmaceutical waste, the issue of disposal and recycling of such drugs as a perishable commodity has been considered. According to health principles as well as environmental improvement, all wastes that are the source of pollution as well as disease should be disposed of to prevent the spread and transmission of disease as well as the destructive effects of wastes that cause environmental pollution. Because unlike other wastes, expired drugs or drug wastes are almost worthless to be returned and reused, so a good approach to planning and disposing of these wastes, considering the costs of this network, is needed. Therefore, waste management, which is a set of systematic regulations in the field of various stages of production, storage, collection, transportation, recycling and disposal of waste in accordance with the best principles of public health and living conditions, is critical. In order to improve pharmaceutical waste management, there must be a legal framework, precise internal management systems, and programs for planning when waste is generated, estimating the amount of waste generated, and evaluating and determining effective and appropriate disposal techniques in each country. The main purpose of this project is to find the optimal number of collection centers to meet all the existing needs according to the geographical area, considering the economics of their establishment, as well as minimizing the costs related to construction, transportation, recycling and disposal. Also addressing the issue of routing vehicles for the collection of pharmaceutical waste and unused drugs and transferring them to collection centers and then transferring them from collection centers to recycling centers, disposal centers and countries in need of medicine and minimizing carbon dioxide emissions, which is one of the environmental problems, it is another goal of this dissertation. Due to the NP-Hard nature of the problem, the meta-heuristic algorithms, GA and PSO are used to solve the model. Although the results of the implementation of these two algorithms are not very different from each other, but in general, the results of the GA algorithm not only give better answers than the PSO algorithm, but also solve the proposed model in less time. The results obtained from large-scale model solving by these two algorithms showed that this model can be used in real-world problems that are of great importance from an environmental perspective, and with its help by approaching the optimal solution, chain costs and environmental impact can be improved.
