چكيده به لاتين
Introduction: Population changes in the country and increasing migration to cities in the last few decades have resulted in the development of cities in the countryside and caused irreparable environmental damage. On the other hand, the migration of inhabitants from the historic city centers has led to numerous difficulties in these neighborhoods. Due to old residents' exodus, low-income groups were replaced and land use changed to warehouses and workshops. Conducting population and capital to uninhabited central areas could result in using the potential of city centers to settle the different categories of society.
This study has been done to answer the following questions: Why residents of historic city centers have migrated from the neighborhood and what strategies can prevent them from leaving and attracting different categories of society to these places.
One of the dynamics of the city is the residential mobility of families within the city. These movements, which occur for a variety of reasons, sometimes cause problems in the destination or origin neighborhood. The purpose of this study is to find the reasons for the relocation of residents from the center of Tehran, from the perspective of residents in those areas and to provide a solution to prevent people from leaving.
Methodology: The study is based on qualitative, quantitative, and Delphi surveys. The required data were collected through library studies, interviews with experts, and two Delphi survey phases. Using the document content analysis, open coding and axial coding, and Q factor analysis were analyzed. Thus, after extracting the key concepts of the interviews and forming a goal-content table, the questions of the questionnaire were designed for survey Delphi and distributed among the second group of experts in two stages.
Q factor analysis is a powerful tool for understanding the values, tastes, concerns, and typologies of individual perspectives. In this analysis, respondents are categorized instead of responses.
After library studies in the field of research, the Delphi method was used to expand the subject beyond what is available in the subject literature. The theoretical sampling method was used to select the specialists for the first person and the snowball sampling method was used to select the other individuals. Twenty experts participated in the interview section and survey section of the questionnaire for factor Q analysis. The interviews continued until the theoretical saturation and knowledge network were completed. The first three interviews were unstructured and the rest were semi-structured. The number of interviewees was confirmed according to the KMO test in the next steps.
The questions were designed in the form of a Likert scale from zero to 9. The results of the questionnaire were analyzed using the Q factor analysis method. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used for measuring the reliability of the questionnaire. Since this number is equal to 0.97, it can be said that the questions have good reliability. Also, the Test-Retest method was used to check the validity of the questionnaire. Thus, by repeating the test in similar people, the same results were obtained.
In second phase of this study, a cross-sectional survey research method was used to identify the effective factors through the user community. For this purpose, a group of resident`s opinion was collected using a questionnaire, and finally, using this information, the influential factors were identified and analyzed. Field research is a process to gather information on topics based on what a group of people knows, thinks, or does (Delavar, 1399: 156). To achieve the objectives of the research, first, literature review and interviews with experts were conducted to collect the required data. Then the interviews were openly and axially coded. A questionnaire was prepared using a goal-content table. After analyzing the Q factor of the filled expert's questionnaire, the expert's mental patterns were achieved. The study population of this study is 203 residents living in the neighborhoods around Tehran Bazaar. The basis for preparing the user questionnaire is the results of the expert questionnaire and Q factor analysis. After conducting the pilot or pre-test among 40 people and analyzing the questions, 5 questions were removed and the questionnaire was distributed among 203 residents
After rotating the data with the help of factor R analysis tool, 12 factors were identified. After removing factors that included less than three questions, 7 factors were finally identified.
The results show: "Insecurity and social problems", "Formation of the pyramid of spatial status in the city", "Physical problems and tissue wear and tear" and "Lack of tissue responsiveness to new needs" are the most important factors affecting the mobility of families to leave the area and "Creating a new mental image of texture in the minds of citizens",
Results and discussion: Total Variance Explained shows that out of 20 specialists, 7 factors have been identified. The highest variance explained is related to the first factor of 15.6. The second factor is 12.7, the third factor is 9.6, the fourth factor is 9.5, the fifth factor is 8.4, the sixth factor is 6.7 and the seventh factor is 6.4. The cumulative percentage of total factors is 69.2, which indicates that about 69.2 respondents' opinion was common. About 30.8% of those thoughts are personal, which may be due to personal awareness, inclinations, and desires. This means that external reality has existed and has been able to capture 69.2% of the respondents' thinking and shape their common theories.
The Rotated Component Matrix Shows the factor load for each of the variables after rotation. Any person with a factor load greater than 0.3 + _ was significant and is categorized in that factor.The first factor, which is the first class of respondents, consists of 7 experts, the second factor consists of 3 experts, the third factor consists of 2 experts, the fourth factor consists of 3 experts, and finally the fifth and sixth factors each consist of two experts.
To find the common mental pattern of experts in each factor, answers with scores of 0, 1, 8, and 9 are selected from each of the experts in that factor, which have half or more repetitions in the constituents of that factor.Then, the selected questions of each factor have been considered as a suggested label. The titles have been offered to 5 experts for approval. These titles make up the content and the goals are the questions that remain. After re-testing the questionnaire of experts and reaching the same or almost the same answer, the work is completed at this stage. Finally, labeling on the main concept of questions extracted on each category was selected as effective factors on the exodus of residents and strategy to preserve and attract residents, according to the expert’s opinion.
The basis for preparing the user questionnaire is the results of the expert questionnaire and Q factor analysis. In order to reach the questions or items of the questionnaire, a goal-content table was formed. At this stage, the contents are the mental models of experts that were extracted in phase one of the Q factor analysis. To achieve the goals, the existing concepts extracted from the open coding of interviews with experts were turned into examples, to make it easier for users to understand. After removing the factors that consisted of less than three questions, 7 factors were finally identified. At this stage, the questions related to each factor are identified and according to the content and concepts of the questions, a label and a title are suggested for each category of questions. The suggested questions and titles of each category will be given to 5 professors and experts so that they can express their opinions regarding the correctness or incorrectness of the titles. After applying the opinions of the professors, the titles were finalized.
Conclusion: The Q factor analysis of experts led to the identification of five mental patterns. These patterns were divided into two main categories of exit causes and adsorption strategies. The first category, which includes two perspectives, points out that the problem of quantity, quality, construction, and infrastructure on the one hand and the attractiveness of the new development is the other most important effects on resident migration from the old context. The second category considers components such as participatory approach, change of urban management on a micro and macro scale, and improvement of the mental image affect the retention of remaining residents and reverse migration from new areas to the old context.
In order to answer the research question about why the factors affecting the departure of residents from the neighborhoods of downtown Tehran; Using factor R analysis of the residents' questionnaire, the factors: insecurity and social problems, the formation of a pyramid of spatial status in the city, physical problems and tissue wear and the lack of response to new needs, were explained as facilitators in leaving. Numerous problems of old buildings such as high maintenance costs, lack of new equipment in them, lack of earthquake resistance, non-standard passages and high motor and cart traffic are the most important factors facilitating the departure from the residents' point of view. Most residents consider the lack of necessary uses such as recreational and educational spaces, leek market and lack of car access to the residential unit to be effective in migration from the tissue.
