27584

تدقيق برآورد انتشار گازهاي گلخانه‌اي از تصفيه‌خانه‌هاي فاضلاب بهداشتي شهر تهران با به‌كارگيري روش‌هاي مختلف اندازه‌گيري

كارشناسي ارشد

عمران-محيط زيست

1398

1401/07/02

دكتر مجيد حسين زاده

دكتر نسرين آقامحمدي

عمران

ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯾﺶ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﯽ و ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮات اﻗﻠﯿﻤﯽ ﻣﺸﮑﻼت اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي و زﯾﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮﻧﯽ را ﺑﺮاي ﺑﺴﯿﺎري از ﮐﺸﻮرﻫﺎ اﯾﺠﺎد ﮐﺮده اﻧﺪ .ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎت ﻣﺤﻘﻘﺎن و داﻧﺸﻤﻨﺪان ﻧﺸﺎن داده اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ اﮔﺮ ﻣﯿﺰان اﻧﺘﺸﺎرات ﮔﺎزﻫﺎي ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪ اي ﺑﺎ ﻣﻨﺸﺄ ﻋﻮاﻗﺐ آن ﺟﺒﺮان ﻧﺎﭘﺬﯾﺮ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮد. ، ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖ ﻫﺎي اﻧﺴﺎﻧﯽ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﭘﯿﺪا ﻧﮑﻨﺪ و ﺑﺎ ﺷﯿﺐ ﻓﻌﻠﯽ اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﭘﯿﺪا ﮐﻨﺪ ﺗﺼﻔﯿﻪ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻓﺎﺿﻼب ﺷﻬﺮي ﯾﮑﯽ از اﺻﻠﯽ ﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﮔﺎزﻫﺎي ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪ اي ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ .ﺟﻤﻊ آوري، اﻧﺘﻘﺎل، ﺗﺼﻔﯿﻪ (و ﻣﺘﺎن N2O) ﻧﯿﺘﺮوز اﮐﺴﺎﯾﺪ ،(CO2) و دﻓﻊ ﻓﺎﺿﻼب ﻫﺎي ﺷﻬﺮي ﺑﺎﻋﺚ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﮔﺎزﻫﺎي ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪ اي ﮐﺮﺑﻦ دي اﮐﺴﯿﺪ (ﻣﯽ ﮔﺮدد. در ﺑﺴﯿﺎري از ﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎي ﺑﺰرگ ﺟﻬﺎن ﻫﻤﭽﻨﺎن آﻣﺎر دﻗﯿﻘﯽ از ﻣﯿﺰان اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﮔﺎزﻫﺎي ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪ اي از CH4) ﺷﻬﺮ ﭘﺮﺟﻤﻌﯿﺖ ﺟﻬﺎن و ﯾﮑﯽ از ﻣﺘﺮاﮐﻢ ﺗﺮﯾﻦ 30 ﺗﺼﻔﯿﻪ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻓﺎﺿﻼب وﺟﻮد ﻧﺪارد. ﺷﻬﺮ ﺗﻬﺮان ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﯾﮑﯽ از ﺗﺼﻔﯿﻪ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻓﺎﺿﻼب ﺷﻬﺮي ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺗﺎﮐﻨﻮن ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﮐﺎﻣﻠﯽ ﺑﺮ روي اﻧﺘﺸﺎرات ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ و 7 ﭘﺎﯾﺘﺨﺖ ﻫﺎي ﺟﻬﺎن داراي ﻏﯿﺮﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ ﮔﺎزﻫﺎي ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪ اي از ﺗﻤﺎﻣﯽ اﯾﻦ ﺗﺼﻔﯿﻪ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺻﻮرت ﻧﮕﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ .ﯾﮑﯽ از روش ﻫﺎي ﻓﺮاﮔﯿﺮ و ﻣﻮرد وﺛﻮق ﮐﻪ در ﺳﺮاﺳﺮ ﺟﻬﺎن ﻣﺤﻘﻘﺎن و داﻧﺸﻤﻨﺪان ﺑﺮاي اﻧﺪازه ﮔﯿﺮي ﻣﯿﺰان اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﮔﺎزﻫﺎي ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪ اي از ﺗﺼﻔﯿﻪ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻓﺎﺿﻼب ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ .ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت و ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎﺗﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از اﯾﻦ روش اﻧﺠﺎم IPCC اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﮐﺮده اﻧﺪ دﺳﺘﻮراﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻫﺎي اﯾﻦ دﺳﺘﻮراﻟﻌﻤﻞ وﯾﺮاﯾﺶ ﻫﺎي اﺳﺎﺳﯽ 2019 ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ. درﺣﺎﻟﯿﮑﻪ در ﻧﺴﺨﻪ ﺳﺎل 2006 ﺷﺪه اﻧﺪ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻧﺴﺨﻪ ﺑﺮ روي ﻓﺎﮐﺘﻮرﻫﺎي اﻧﺘﺸﺎر اﻧﺠﺎم ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ .ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﯿﻦ دﻟﯿﻞ در اﯾﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ از ﻫﺮ دو ﻧﺴﺨﻪ اﯾﻦ دﺳﺘﻮراﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺮاي اﻧﺪازه ﮔﯿﺮي اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﮔﺎزﻫﺎي ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪ اي از ﺗﺼﻔﯿﻪ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺷﻬﺮ ﺗﻬﺮان اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﮔﺮدﯾﺪ. اﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ دﻟﯿﻞ اﯾﻨﮑﻪ اﯾﻦ روش ﻫﺎ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﯿﺰان اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﻧﯿﺘﺮوز اﮐﺴﺎﯾﺪ و ﻣﺘﺎن را از ﺗﺼﻔﯿﻪ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﯽ ﮔﯿﺮد و اﻧﺘﺸﺎرات ﻏﯿﺮﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ از ﺗﺼﻔﯿﻪ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﮐﻞ ﻧﺎدﯾﺪه ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه، از روش ﺟﺎﻣﻊ ﺑﺮاﯾﺪل ﻧﯿﺰ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺪﻗﯿﻖ ﻣﯿﺰان اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﮔﺎزﻫﺎي ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪ اي از ﺗﺼﻔﯿﻪ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺷﻬﺮ ﺗﻬﺮان اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪ .ﺑﺮاي ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎرﮔﯿﺮي اﯾﻦ روش، داده ﻫﺎ و اﻃﻼﻋﺎت ﮐﻤﯽ و ﮐﯿﻔﯽ ﻓﺎﺿﻼب ورودي اﻧﺮژي ﻣﺼﺮﻓﯽ ﻫﺮ ﯾﮏ از واﺣﺪﻫﺎي ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ و ﻣﯿﺰان ﺣﻤﻞ وﻧﻘﻞ ﺻﻮرت ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ، و ﺧﺮوﺟﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ ﯾﮏ از ﺗﺼﻔﯿﻪ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ وﺳﺎﯾﻞ ﻧﻘﻠﯿﻪ ﺳﻨﮕﯿﻦ ﺟﻤﻊ آوري ﺷﺪ؛ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﯾﻦ ﻃﺒﻖ اﯾﻦ روش اﻧﺘﺸﺎرات ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ و ﻏﯿﺮﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ از ﻣﯿﺰان ،IPCC 2006 ﺗﺼﻔﯿﻪ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻓﺎﺿﻼب ﺷﻬﺮي ﺗﻬﺮان ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﮔﺮدﯾﺪ .ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﺑﻪ دﺳﺖ آﻣﺪه ﻃﺒﻖ روش ﺗﻦ ﮐﺮﺑﻦ دي اﮐﺴﯿﺪ ﻣﻌﺎدل 806/184036 ﮐﻞ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﮔﺎزﻫﺎي ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪ اي از ﺗﺼﻔﯿﻪ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻓﺎﺿﻼب ﺷﻬﺮي ﺗﻬﺮان ﻣﻌﺎدل ﺗﻦ ﮐﺮﺑﻦ دي اﮐﺴﯿﺪ ﻣﻌﺎدل در ﺳﺎل 12/209862 اﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺪار ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺑﺎ IPCC 2019 در ﺳﺎل ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ و ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻧﺴﺨﻪ درMCF ﺑﻪ دﻟﯿﻞ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﻣﻘﺪار ﻓﺎﮐﺘﻮر اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﻧﯿﺘﺮوز اﮐﺴﺎﯾﺪ و IPCC ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ. اﯾﻦ ﺗﻔﺎوت ﭼﺸﻤﮕﯿﺮ ﺑﯿﻦ روش ﻫﺎي ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ .ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﺑﻪ دﺳﺖ آﻣﺪه ﻃﺒﻖ روش ﺑﺮاﯾﺪل، ﻣﯿﺰان اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﮔﺎزﻫﺎي 2019 ﻧﺴﺨﻪ وﯾﺮاﯾﺶ ﺷﺪه ﺳﺎل ﺗﻦ ﮐﺮﺑﻦ دي اﮐﺴﯿﺪ ﻣﻌﺎدل ﺑﻮده 701/43078 از ﺗﺼﻔﯿﻪ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻓﺎﺿﻼب ﺷﻬﺮي ﺗﻬﺮان ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺑﺎ 1399 ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪ اي در ﺳﺎل ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. اﯾﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع IPCC اﺳﺖ. اﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺪار ﺑﺴﯿﺎر ﮐﻤﺘﺮ ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﺑﻪ دﺳﺖ آﻣﺪه ﻃﺒﻖ ﻧﺴﺨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ دﺳﺘﻮراﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﯿﺰان اﻧﺘﺸﺎر از ﺗﺼﻔﯿﻪ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻓﺎﺿﻼب را دﺳﺖ ﺑﺎﻻ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﯽ ﮔﯿﺮد و ﻓﺎﮐﺘﻮرﻫﺎي IPCC ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﯽ دﻫﺪ ﮐﻪ روش ﮐﺮﺑﻦ دي اﮐﺴﯿﺪ 565/28741 اﻧﺘﺸﺎر اﯾﻦ دﺳﺘﻮراﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻧﯿﺎز ﺑﻪ وﯾﺮاﯾﺶ دارد. ﺗﺼﻔﯿﻪ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻓﺎﺿﻼب ﺟﻨﻮب ﺗﻬﺮان ﺑﺎ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﻣﻌﺎدل ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﺳﻬﻢ را در اﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺪار داﺷﺖ .ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ در زﻣﯿﻨﻪ ﻣﺼﺮف اﻧﺮژي، ﺗﺼﻔﯿﻪ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺟﻨﻮب ﺗﻬﺮان ﺑﻬﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﮐﯿﻠﻮوات ﺳﺎﻋﺖ در ﺳﺎل ﺑﻪ ازاي ﻫﺮ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺗﺤﺖ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ از 24/15 ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد را در ﺑﯿﻦ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﯽ ﺗﺼﻔﯿﻪ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺼﺮف ﮐﯿﻠﻮوات ﺳﺎﻋﺖ در ﺳﺎل ﺑﻪ ازاي ﻫﺮ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺗﺤﺖ 67/87 ﺧﻮد ﻧﺸﺎن داد. ﺗﺼﻔﯿﻪ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻓﺎﺿﻼب زرﮔﻨﺪه ﺑﺎ ﻣﺼﺮف ﮐﯿﻠﻮوات ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﺑﻪ ازاي ﻫﺮ ﻣﺘﺮﻣﮑﻌﺐ ﻓﺎﺿﻼب ورودي 44/1 ﭘﻮﺷﺶ و ﺗﺼﻔﯿﻪ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻓﺎﺿﻼب ﺷﻬﺮك ﻏﺮب ﺑﺎ ﻣﺼﺮف ﻣﺼﺮف اﻧﺮژي ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﯽ ﻧﺪاﺷﺘﻪ اﻧﺪ. در ﻧﻬﺎﯾﺖ ﺑﻌﺪ از ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﮐﺮدن ﻣﯿﺰان ﮐﻞ ﮔﺎزﻫﺎي ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪ اي ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﺷﺪه از ﻫﺮ ﯾﮏ از اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﺳﻨﺎرﯾﻮ ﺑﺮاي ﮐﺎﻫﺶ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﮔﺎزﻫﺎي ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪ اي ، ﺗﺼﻔﯿﻪ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺷﻬﺮ ﺗﻬﺮان و ﻣﺼﺮف اﻧﺮژي ﻫﺮ ﯾﮏ از آﻧﻬﺎ از ﻃﺮﯾﻖ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﺼﺮف اﻧﺮژي ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن ﻫﺎي ﺗﺼﻔﯿﻪ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ اراﺋﻪ ﺷﺪ .ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ اﯾﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت آﺗﯽ در ﺟﻬﺖ ﺑﻬﯿﻨﻪ ﺳﺎزي ﭘﺎﯾﺪاري ﺗﺼﻔﯿﻪ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻓﺎﺿﻼب ﺷﻬﺮ ﺗﻬﺮان و ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد زﯾﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ آﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺴﯿﺎر ﮐﺎرﺑﺮدي ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮد

1401/09/26

Assessing Greenhouse Gases Emissions from Tehran Sanitary Wastewater Treatment Plants via Different Methods

9/24/2023 12:00:00 AM

Global warming and climate change have created a variety of economic and environmental problems for many countries. Researchers and scientists have shown that if anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions get increased by the current slope, the consequences will be irreparable. Municipal wastewater treatment plants are one of the main sources of greenhouse gas emissions. The collection, transmission, treatment and disposal of municipal wastewater causes the emissions of Cabon Dioxide (CO2), Nitros Oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4). In many major cities around the world, there is still no accurate statistics on the amount of greenhouse gas emissions from sewage treatment plants. The city of Tehran, as one of the most populous cities in the world and one of the densest capitals in the world, has 7 municipal wastewater treatment plants and non of which have not yet been thoroughly studied on direct and indirect greenhouse gas emissions. One of the pervasive methods that researchers and scientists have used worldwide to measure the amount of greenhouse gas emissions are IPCC guidelines. Most studies have been using this method and so far the 2006 version is the most used version. While in the 2019 version, this guideline has updated the emission factors. For this reason, both versions of these guidelines were used to measure greenhouse gas emissions from Tehran's wastewater treatment plants. But because these methods only consider the amount of nitrose oxide and methane from the treatment plants, and the indirect emissions of the refineries are ignored, the comprehensive method of greenhouse gas emissions was also used in Tehran. To apply this method, qualitative data and information on the input and effluent of sewage were collected from each treatment plant, the energy consumed by each unit was investigated and the amount of heavy vehicles were carried out; Therefore, direct and indirect emissions were calculated from Tehran municipal wastewater treatment plants. According to the results obtained, according to IPCC 2006, the total greenhouse gas emissions from Tehran municipal wastewater treatment plants were equivalent to 184036 tons of CO2 in the year, and according to the 2019 IPCC version, this amount was equivalent to 209862 tonnes of CO2 per year. This significant difference between the IPCC methods is due to the changes in the emission factors offered in the 2019 edited version. According to the results based on Bridle, the amount of greenhouse gas emissions in 1399 from Tehran's municipal wastewater treatment plants was equivalent to 43078 tons of CO2. This is much less than the results obtained according to different versions of the IPCC instructions. This shows that the IPCC method overestimates the emissions and emissions factors need to be modified. The south of Tehran sewage treatment plant with the release of 28741 carbon dioxide had the highest share of this amount. Also, in the field of energy consumption, this plant showed the best performance among all treatment plants with 15.24 kWh per year for each person covered. The worse energy performance was for Zargandeh wastewater treatment plant, with consumption of 87.67 kWh per year for each person covered and Shahrak-gharb wastewater treatment plant, consumed 1.44 kWh per cubic meter of sewage influent. Finally, after identifying the total amount of greenhouse gas emitted from each of Tehran's wastewater treatment plants and the energy consumption of each, the most economical scenario was presented to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by reducing the energy consumption of the plants. The results of this study will be very practical for future studies to optimize the sustainability of Tehran's wastewater treatment plants as well as their environmental performance

گازهاي گلخانه اي , تصفيه خانه فاضلاب , گرمايش جهاني , تصفيه فاضلاب , انرژي مصرفي

greenhouse gases , wastewater treatment plant , global warming , wastewater treatment , energy consumption

Mohsen Shahmohammadmirab

Majid Hosseinzadeh