Closed-loop supply chain coordination with reverse dual channel an‎d uncertainty in quality an‎d deman‎d with presence of government

10/19/2026 12:00:00 AM

In recent years, growing environmental concerns an‎d sustainable development requirements have driven traditional supply chains toward closed-loop structures. In these systems, the forward flow of products from manufacturers to consumers is complemented by the reverse flow of returned an‎d recycled items. The present study aims to propose an optimized model for coordinating a closed-loop supply chain with two reverse channels under deman‎d uncertainty an‎d variability in the quality of returned items. Additionally, the role of the government as a regulator an‎d policymaker is considered in balancing firms’ economic interests with socio-environmental objectives. The model structure includes a manufacturer, a retailer, two product return channels (a remanufacturer an‎d a third-party logistics provider), an‎d a governmental agency. To align the interests of the supply chain members, a revenue-sharing an‎d two-part tariff contract mechanism is designed an‎d analyzed. The model is solved using simulated data an‎d a real-world example, an‎d the effectiveness of the proposed approach is eva‎luated in comparison with non-cooperative scenarios. The results indicate that government involvement an‎d the implementation of supportive an‎d regulatory policies can increase the level of recycling, reduce waste, an‎d improve the overall profit of the supply chain. Furthermore, under uncertainty, the use of a revenue-sharing–two-part tariff contract enhances the system’s economic performance. The findings of this study are significant from an industrial an‎d environmental policy perspective an‎d can guide decision-makers in designing effective coordination mechanisms for closed-loop supply chains in the presence of regulatory institutions.

زنجيره تأمين حلقه بسته , قرارداد تعرفه دو بخشي-تسهيم درآمد , هماهنگي , ارائه‌دهنده خدمات لجستيكي شخص ثالث , عدم‌قطعيت در تقاضا , عدم‌قطعيت در كيفيت , مكانيزم دخالتي جريمه/پاداش دولت

Closed-loop supply chain , Contract , Coordination , Third-party logistics provider , Uncertainty

Melika Nabipour

Dr. Ebrahim Teimoury